Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1.
“Drug Stores” Listing in Chicago Yellow Pages, December 1962. Source: Library of Congress, “Illinois—Yellow Pages—Chicago—1962 A through MAGNETI,” 1962, https://www.loc.gov/item/usteledirec04866x/.
- Figure 2.
Sindler Drugs, North Lawndale Pharmacy in 1955. Source: University of Illinois at Chicago, Library, Special Collections Department, Chicago Area Pharmacy Photograph Collection, Identifier CAPP_0001_0001_026, 1955, https://collections.carli.illinois.edu/digital/collection/uic_capp/id/108/rec/10. Sindler.
- Figure 3.
Home Owners’ Loan Corporation Residential Security Map, No 1. Map Section of North Shore and Suburbs. Source: Nelson, Robert K., LaDale Winling, et al., “Mapping Inequality: Redlining in New Deal America,” American Panorama: An Atlas of United States History, 2023, https://dsl.richmond.edu/panorama/redlining/. The key in the bottom right corner of the map indicate the varying “grades” of residental security, including “C” Third Grade and “D” Fourth Grade.
- Figure 4.
Chicago Housing Authority’s 1938 copy of the Federal Housing Administration’s Neighborhood Ratings of Chicago, IL. Source: Chicago Housing Authority & United States, Federal Housing Administration, “Holdings: Mortgage Risk Classified by Districts,” 1 Map : Hand Col. ; 73 x 45 Cm., Chicago Housing Authority (1938), Chicago, Illinois, UChicago Library, University of Chicago Library’s Map Collection. https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/7697982.
- Figure 5.
Businesses on 55th Street in Hyde Park announce their eviction. Source: Erica Fischer, “Hyde Park‐Kenwood Urban Renewal (Chicago),” Flickr, 2014, https://www.flickr.com/photos/walkingsf/sets/72157643377779085.
- Figure 6.
Chicago Community Pharmacies–1950. Source: University of Illinois Chicago Instance of ArcGIS Softwre by Esri; Base Map and Layers include City of Chicago, Esri, TomTom, Garmin, SafeGraph, FAO, METI/NASA, USGS, EPA, NPS, USFWS; https://go.uic.edu/ChiPharmMap. Red points indicate independent pharmacies; green points indicate small chains; blue points indicate retail chain pharmacies.
- Figure 7.
Chicago Community Pharmacies—2000. Source: University of Illinois Chicago Instance of ArcGIS Software by Esri; Base Map and Layers include City of Chicago, Esri, TomTom, Garmin, SafeGraph, FAO, METI/NASA, USGS, EPA, NPS, USFWS; https://go.uic.edu/ChiPharmMap. Red points indicate independent pharmacies; green points indicate small chains; blue points indicate retail chain pharmacies.
Tables
Year Independent Small Chain Retail Chain Grand Total 1 Location 4 or Fewer Locations More than 4 Locations 1950 1388 56 154 1,598 26 companies 8 companies 1955 1312 56 147 1,515 25 companies 8 companies 1960 1212 61 151 1,424 26 companies 8 companies 1983 703 13 137 853 7 companies 9 companies 1991 439 12 154 605 6 companies 7 companies 1996 311 10 164 485 4 companies 5 companies 2000 242 7 190 439 4 companies 6 companies - Table 2.
Summary of Major Trends in Pharmacy Access, Composition, and Structural Influences over Time
Year Total Pharmacies Independent Pharmacies Chain Pharmacies Key Changes & Structural Factors 1950 1,598 1,388 154 Dominance of local pharmacies; high geographic spread across the city. 1960 1,424 1,212 151 Rise of chain presence; start of suburban concentration. 1983 853 703 137 Sharp decline in independents; 1968 riots & Medicare/Medicaid impact. 1991 605 439 154 Chain pharmacies expand; public housing demolitions begin. 2000 439 242 190 Chains dominate; Redlined neighborhoods under‐served.
In this issue
Jump to section
- Article
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Data Collection and Analysis
- Setting the Stage: Entering the 1950s
- Pre–Medicare and Medicaid Era (1950 to 1965)
- Post–Medicare and Medicaid Era (post 1965)
- Summary of Pharmacy Access Shifts (1950–2000)
- Key Factors Behind the Shift
- Discussion
- Looking Forward: Addressing Pharmacy Deserts and Public Health Implications
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
- Footnotes
- Figures & Data
- Info & Metrics
- References
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